This study investigates the wake dynamics of a wall-mounted square cylinder with an aspect ratio of 2, subjected to varying inflow turbulence intensities, employing high-fidelity large-eddy simulation complemented by spectral proper orthogonal decomposition. The simulations are conducted at a Reynolds number of 43 000. A synthetic momentum source term is integrated within the Navier–Stokes equations to generate turbulence consistent with the von Kármán spectrum. Four inflow cases, comprising an undisturbed inflow and three disturbed inflows with turbulence intensities of 10 %, 20 % and 30 %, are examined to elucidate their impact on vortex shedding, shear-layer behaviours and coherent structures. Results demonstrate that increased turbulence intensity significantly modifies vortex coherence, suppresses recirculation regions, promotes earlier shear-layer reattachment on the top surface and leads to reattachment of the shear layer on the side surface. Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition analysis, conducted on 17 orthogonal planes in the streamwise ( x ), wall-normal ( y ) and spanwise ( z ) directions, reveals two dominant energetic frequencies: a primary vortex-shedding frequency around a Strouhal number of 0.084, and a secondary high frequency associated with Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities. The imposed turbulence effectively redistributes spectral energy, diminishing the coherence and altering the spatial organisation of vortical structures. These findings enhance fundamental understanding of turbulent wake dynamics and flow–structure interactions in bluff-body flows.
Maleki et al. (2026) studied this question.