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February 2, 2026ChemSusChem2 citationsOpen Access

Upcycling of Waste Polymers into Porous Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

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HHH.S. HwangJLJae Hoon LEEJCJaewon Choi

Key Points

  • The study aims to investigate the synthesis of hard carbon from waste polymers and evaluate its performance as an anode in sodium-ion batteries.
  • Synthesized hard carbon by carbonizing waste carbon fiber reinforced plastic.
  • Controlled the heating rate during carbonization to generate a porous structure.
  • Conducted electrochemical testing to assess the performance of the anodes.
  • Heat-treated sample at 1600°C showed a reversible capacity of 112.4 mAh g −1 after 700 cycles at 1 A g −1.
  • Maintained 59.1 mAh g −1 after 7000 cycles at 2 A g −1, indicating excellent long-term stability.

Abstract

Hard carbon has recently attracted significant attention as a promising anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high structural stability and appreciable discharge capacity arising from pore filling of Na + . In this work, we synthesized hard carbon by carbonizing waste polymers from waste carbon fiber reinforced plastic. During the carbonization process, the heating rate was carefully controlled to exploit the gas bubbles released from the water retained in the polymers, thereby generating a porous hard carbon. The resulting porous hard carbon was subsequently employed as the anode material for SIBs. Taking advantage of the porous architecture, high‐rate electrochemical testing was performed. Notably, the sample heat‐treated at 1600°C exhibited a reversible capacity of 112.4 mAh g −1 after 700 cycles at 1 A g −1 and maintained as high as 59.1 mAh g −1 even after 7000 cycles at 2 A g −1 , underscoring its remarkable long‐term cycling stability.

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Cite This Study

Hwang et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6980fd60c1c9540dea80f116https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202502183
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