Research on Plate–Umbrella Composite Recyclable Rock Anchor Used in Electrical Wire Tensioning and Its Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Temporary ground anchors are widely used to provide anchorage for winches, tensioners, and guy wires during power transmission construction. In mountainous terrain, the drilling efficiency is limited, and conventional cement-grouted rock anchors are typically abandoned after use, causing resource waste and local environmental disturbances. This study proposes a plate–umbrella composite recyclable rock anchor in which a hinged umbrella head can unfold and retract within an end-plate sleeve to mobilize slab-bearing resistance under pull-out. A composite grouting scheme (epoxy mortar plus hot-melt adhesive) combined with resistive heating enables component recovery after service. Field pull-out/recovery trials and ABAQUS simulations were conducted to evaluate load–displacement behavior, recovery feasibility, and key influencing factors (embedment length and drilling/tension angle combinations). Compared with a conventional end-plate anchor of the same short embedment length (1 m), the proposed anchor achieved a markedly higher ultimate capacity and smaller displacement. Angle mismatch between the drilling and tension directions caused substantial capacity loss, highlighting the need for alignment control in practice. Parametric simulations further indicate stable performance across representative weathered granite conditions. The proposed system provides a promising approach for efficient and reusable temporary anchorage in mountainous transmission projects.