Multi-Scale Space Syntax Analysis of Hybrid Urban Street Networks for Accessibility and Mobility Efficiency: The Case of Mandalay in Myanmar

Street layout has a significant effect on accessibility and intelligibility, which ultimately affects navigation and movement efficiency. While previous research has examined planned and unplanned street patterns, most studies focus on single-scale analyses or isolated typologies, limiting understanding of how hybrid networks function across multiple spatial levels. Addressing this gap, this study investigates the effects of hybrid planned and organically evolved street layouts on spatial accessibility in Mandalay, Myanmar. The research employs space syntax analysis to assess the citywide, township-level, and micro-scale networks through measures of angular integration, choice, axial connectivity, and intelligibility. Using the Four-Point Star Model to identify Mandalay’s distinct spatial features, a global accessibility assessment compares it to 50 other cities. The results show that grid-based layouts with central townships exhibit the highest integration and connectivity, while organic and fragmented networks, particularly in Amarapura, reduce spatial coherence and accessibility. Micro-scale analysis indicates that hybrid layouts with cul-de-sacs and distorted grids can improve accessibility when they connect effectively with secondary roads. By analysing street networks across multiple spatial scales, this research presents significant implications for efficient accessibility and transport planning in mixed-pattern cities.