Sustainable synthesis of iron oxide nanomaterials using Abelmoschus esculentus mucilage: current status and future perspectives

Sustainable production of iron oxide nanoparticles using okra mucilage as a biogenic capping and reducing agent offers a green alternative to hazardous chemical methods. Despite the potential of okra polysaccharides, a significant research gap exists regarding the systematic optimization of synthesis parameters such as pH, temperature, and precursor concentration and the lack of standardized validation for their multifunctional use in food and biomedical sectors. This review addresses these deficiencies by critically synthesizing current literature to establish the relationship between okra mucilage biochemistry and iron oxide nanoparticle stability, monodispersity, and biocompatibility. Unlike previous works, this article provides a unique comparative analysis of characterization techniques, including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and zeta potential measurements, studies to establish a standardized framework for achieving monodispersity and biocompatibility. Furthermore, the review evaluates the transition from laboratory-scale synthesis to commercial applications in food safety and biomedicine. By identifying the technical barriers to scale-up and highlighting the potential for digital innovation, this work provides a strategic roadmap for future research and the practical integration of okra-based nanomaterials in industrial sectors.