Theorising sociotechnical complexity: a grounded theory framework for qualitative information systems research

Purpose This study introduces a grounded theory framework designed to meet the growing demand for qualitative methodologies that are both methodologically rigorous and adaptable to the complexities of sociotechnical phenomena. Design/methodology/approach Building on foundational and contemporary grounded theory literature, the paper proposes a five-stage framework that integrates iterative data collection, theoretical sampling, constant comparative analysis, and multidimensional coding. The framework is demonstrated through an empirical study that examines how cultural factors influence the alignment of business and information systems (IS) strategies in multinational enterprises. Findings The framework enables researchers to conduct iterative and reflexive inquiry while preserving analytic coherence. It supports the emergence of context-sensitive categories and processual insights, particularly valuable when investigating the fluid interplay of technology, organisational practices, and cultural dynamics. The empirical application highlights its utility in uncovering latent patterns in complex digital environments. Research limitations/implications This study makes three distinct contributions. First, it offers a structured yet flexible grounded theory framework. Second, it demonstrates how grounded theorising enhances theoretical depth and relevance when engaging with culturally situated, evolving phenomena. Third, it provides practical methodological guidance for maintaining rigour in qualitative studies addressing emergent and sociotechnical complexities. Together, these contributions support more robust theorisation in qualitative IS research. Practical implications The framework offers guidance for IS researchers and practitioners engaged in digital transformation, cross-cultural systems implementation, and technology adoption. It facilitates the generation of empirically grounded insights that extend beyond the explanatory reach of conventional deductive models, especially in multicultural or fluid organisational settings. Originality/value By bridging methodological theory and research practice, this study advances the application of grounded theory within the IS field. It provides an adaptable, reflexive framework capable of uncovering how technology, organisational structures, and cultural processes interact and evolve. The approach equips researchers with a robust alternative to linear models in exploring digital innovation and transformation.