The impact of dogs on human health in healthcare contexts: a review

Background Evidence highlights the potential of human–dog relationships to support the health and wellbeing of patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals. This review examines the application and impact of dog-assisted interventions (DAIs) in healthcare contexts. Sources of data A narrative review of research from 2009 to 2025 was conducted utilizing multidisciplinary databases, including, PubMed, MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, Academic Search Complete, ProQuest One Business, and Scopus. Areas of agreement DAIs have been shown to reduce loneliness, depression, low mood, and anxiety in hospitalized patients; lessen pain perception and improve perceptions of healthcare in children; and reduce burnout, stress, and anxiety among healthcare professionals. Areas of controversy The increasing use of DAIs in healthcare points to potential benefits, but more high-quality research is required. Research has generally overlooked differing attitudes toward dogs in clinical settings and given little consideration to the animals’ own health, welfare, and ethical treatment. Growing points DAIs may be beneficial, even when brief, with potential to reduce anxiety and strain and enhance job satisfaction, restoration, and reflective practice among healthcare professionals. Areas timely for developing research Future research should establish causal relationships, recruit balanced samples, incorporate biometric, psychological, and social measures and critically evaluate existing dog visitation programs.