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February 5, 2026Toxins2 citationsOpen Access

Development and Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Alternaria Mycotoxins in Hepatic Tissue

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MGMaría García-NicolásANAlicia Navarro-BotiaNANatalia Arroyo‐Manzanares

Key Points

  • To develop and validate a method for detecting Alternaria mycotoxins in hepatic tissue.
  • Developed a method using salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) and UHPLC-QTOF-MS
  • Optimized sample treatment including mass, extraction solvent, and sodium chloride
  • Validated the method achieving R2 values above 0.99 and limits of detection from 0.01 to 1.46 µg kg−1
  • Achieved apparent recoveries between 84% to 111% and precision RSD values below 10%
  • Found alternariol monomethyl ether in pig liver and alternariol and tentoxin in human liver samples
  • Confirmed method as the first validated approach for detecting Alternaria mycotoxins in liver tissue

Abstract

The presence of Alternaria mycotoxins in hepatic tissue of both human and animal origin remains unexplored. This work describes the development of an analytical method based on salt-assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) for the determination of six main Alternaria mycotoxins and related metabolites. Sample treatment was fully optimized, including sample mass, extraction solvent, and volume and sodium chloride mass. The method was validated, achieving calibration curve R2 values above 0.99 and limits of detection between 0.01 and 1.46 µg kg−1. Moreover, satisfactory trueness (apparent recoveries between 84% to 111%) and precision (RSD values below 10%) were achieved, complying with EU requirements. Matrix effects in terms of signal suppression/enhancement varied between 53% for TeA and 78% for AME. Applied to real liver samples (20 human and 20 animal), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) was found in pig liver, while alternariol (AOH) and tentoxin (TEN) were found in human forensic liver tissues. No other Alternaria mycotoxin metabolites were detected. This methodology is the first validated approach for determining Alternaria mycotoxins in liver tissue.

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Cite This Study

García-Nicolás et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/698433d8f1d9ada3c1fb14cahttps://doi.org/10.3390/toxins18020077
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