Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease requiring careful monitoring of blood glucose levels. Currently, blood glucose monitoring is mainly based on finger prick tests using electrochemical glucose meters. While these devices are accurate, they have significant limitations, including pain, high cost, and inconvenience. Moreover, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, while providing real-time data, also face challenges, such as high cost, discomfort, and limited lifespan. In this context, non-invasive techniques are a promising alternative. This review focuses on five optical techniques for non-invasive glucose detection, evaluating their benefits and limitations. The aim is to provide a critical overview of the approaches available in the field of non-invasive blood glucose monitoring.
Fdil et al. (2025) studied this question.