Hydraulic and Thermal Characteristics Analysis of Large-Scale Clustered Ground Heat Exchangers with Non-Identical Circuits

In the global wave of energy transition, ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems are widely adopted for their ability to efficiently provide space heating and cooling. By utilizing stable shallow geothermal energy, these systems significantly reduce operational energy consumption in buildings, playing a crucial role in enhancing building energy efficiency and achieving low-carbon strategies. However, large-scale ground heat exchanger (GHE) clusters with non-identical circuits often face hydraulic and thermal imbalances, leading to degraded system performance. This study investigates the hydraulic and thermal behavior of a large-scale GHE system in Shandong Province, China. Hydraulic and thermal models are first developed based on Kirchhoff’s laws and the principle of energy conservation, and then used to simulate and analyze the influence of the number and depth of boreholes on hydraulic and thermal conditions. The results indicate that the flow imbalance rate and pipe length ratio follows a power-law relationship, δf = a (Lv/h) ᵇ + d, with fitted coefficients, a = 0. 0677–0. 1294, b = −0. 7086 to −1. 0805, d = 0. 0036–0. 0921, while the heat exchange imbalance rate follows a linear relationship, δq = kδf + o, with k = 0. 0906–0. 265 and o = 0. 0028–0. 0039. Increasing the number of boreholes or decreasing depth exacerbates flow imbalance (10–58%), but soil thermal resistance dominates, limiting the increase in the heat exchange imbalance rate (2. 2–9%). The formula and the quantitative relationship proposed in this paper aim to provide guidance for the engineering design of large-scale non-identical circuit GHE clusters.