National Heart Center/Saudi Heart Association 2025 Guidelines for Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention and Risk Assessment

Figures

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  Figure 1. - Framework for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in healthy adults (≥18 years). The pathway integrates: (1) risk assessment of genetic, demographic, lifestyle, and metabolic factors; (2) risk stratification using ASCVD risk calculators and biomarkers; (3) lifestyle modification through diet, smoking cessation, physical activity, weight management, and psychosocial support; (4) pharmacologic therapy including lipid-lowering agents, antihypertensives, diabetes management, and antiplatelet therapy when indicated; and (5) monitoring with regular follow-up and reassessment every 2–5 years. Figure created with professional assistance from Advocacy for HealthCare Consultancy (medical writing support). Abbreviations: ASCVD = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI = body mass index; WC = waist circumference; WHR = waist-hip ratio; CAC = coronary artery calcium; hsCRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; Apo-B = apolipoprotein B; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PCSK9i = proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; RAS = renin-angiotensin system; CCB = calcium channel blocker; BB =…

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  Figure 2. - Framework for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults (≥18 years) with established CVD or a history of ASCVD events. The pathway includes: (1) risk assessment through post-event stratification, clinical and functional evaluation, and screening for comorbidities and mental health conditions; (2) lifestyle modification and counseling on diet, smoking cessation, physical activity, weight control, and psychosocial support; (3) pharmacologic therapy targeting lipids, blood pressure, diabetes, and condition-specific management of CAD, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, peripheral artery disease, and atrial fibrillation; (4) rehabilitation through supervised cardiac rehabilitation with exercise, education, and psychosocial support; and (5) follow-up with routine reassessment, complication monitoring, and cardiovascular investigations as indicated. Figure created with professional assistance from Advocacy for HealthCare Consultancy (medical writing support). Abbreviations: ASCVD = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CAD = coronary artery disease; TIMI = Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction; GRACE = Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; LDL-C = low-density…

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  Figure 3. - Causal pathway framework for the classification of cardiovascular risk factors. *Presumably non-modified factors. CVD: Cardiovascular Disease; IHD: Ischemic Heart Disease; PAD: Peripheral Artery Disease; SES: Socioeconomic Status. Figure created with professional assistance from Advocacy for HealthCare Consultancy (medical writing support).

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  Figure 4. - Conditions Associated with An Increased Cardiovascular Risk. Figure created with professional assistance from Advocacy for HealthCare Consultancy (medical writing support).