Molecular Pathways of Neuronal Apoptosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Intervention Strategies

Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of progressive conditions characterized by the dysfunction and death of neurons, leading to cognitive and motor impairments. A key process in the pathogenesis of these diseases is neuronal apoptosis, which is regulated by a complex array of molecular pathways. This paper provides an overview of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, highlighting the critical role of caspases in executing cell death. It also discusses additional pathways, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage response, and autophagy, which contribute to the initiation and progression of neuronal apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases.