Demonstrates how chemical kinetics can validate time in diverse systems, suggesting new insights for timekeeping architecture.
Electronic sensors and network-derived timing references measure instantaneous state and are thereforesusceptible to replay and synthesis attacks that fabricate coherent snapshots of the present.Chemical reaction systems exhibit fundamentally different behavior: their observable state reflectsthe time-integrated history of environmental exposure. This paper examines chemical kinetics astemporal validation mechanisms, focusing on their role as environmental history integrators.We argue that reaction progress, governed by well-characterized kinetic laws, provides intrinsicresistance to retroactive forgery. By modeling chemical systems as rate-limited, irreversibleprocesses, we show how they can serve as intermediate-timescale temporal anchors that complementelectronic clocks, biological growth processes, and circadian oscillators in multi-referencetimekeeping architectures.
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Riaan de Beer (2026) studied this question.
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