This study investigates perovskite as a titanium-enrichment phase in medium-Ti blast-furnace slag for Ti recovery. Thermodynamic analysis by FACTSage determined that 1450–1300 °C is the best enrichment range of perovskite. High-temperature experiments revealed enhanced perovskite crystallization at 1330–1300 °C, with 90 min holding time yielding optimal enrichment (40.18 μm average grain size, 8.64 vol%). During isothermal processing, perovskite growth followed non-equilibrium dynamics, driven by precipitation-stage growth and crystal coalescence. The volume fraction evolution adhered to the JMAK equation, while grain size correlated linearly with holding time. A kinetic model validated these patterns, demonstrating applicability to medium-Ti slag systems. These findings establish a temperature-controlled strategy for efficient Ti recovery via perovskite phase regulation.
Zhao et al. (2026) studied this question.