Epigenetic Signatures and Genetic Variants Associated With Muscle Strength in Postmenopausal Women: Potential Bone-Muscle Crosstalk via Bmp1 Mechanisms

Muscle strength decline is a hallmark of aging and contributes to frailty and bone deterioration, yet the genomic and epigenomic mechanisms predicting functional strength remain unclear. We applied a multi-omics approach to identify genetic and epigenetic signatures of muscle strength variability in postmenopausal women. A total of 141 women aged 50-70 years underwent functional tests, biochemical analysis, anthropometry, blood pressure assessment, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Participants were classified into higher and lower strength groups based on validated upper and lower limb tests. Genome-wide genotyping was performed with the Illumina Global Screening Array, and DNA methylation was measured using the Illumina EPIC 850K array. A polygenic risk score (PRS) was generated in a training cohort (n = 100) and validated in an independent group (n = 41). EpiScores were calculated using MethylDetectR, and four fitness-related epigenetic clocks (DNAmGrip, DNAmGait, DNAmVO2max, DNAmFitAge) were derived with the methylclock package. Twelve SNPs were associated with strength phenotypes, and the PRS predicted group classification with 51.2% accuracy. Epigenetic analysis revealed 12 differentially methylated regions, including higher BMP1 EpiScore levels in women with greater strength. Functional enrichment indicated pathways related to bone remodeling and vascular regulation. In the lower strength group, BMP1 EpiScore correlated inversely with femoral neck T-score (r = -0.66, p = 0.037). A meta-analysis of public muscle transcriptomes showed that resistance training increases BMP1 expression. These findings highlight molecular mechanisms linking genetic and epigenetic variation to musculoskeletal aging and functional decline in postmenopausal women.