Oscillatory Correlates of Habituation: EEG Evidence of Sustained Frontal Theta Activity to Food Cues

Understanding how the brain adapts to repeated food-related cues provides insight into attentional and motivational mechanisms that influence eating behaviour. Previous studies using event-related potentials (ERPs) have shown that food cues, particularly high-calorie stimuli, elicit sustained neural responses with repeated exposure. The present study extends this line of inquiry by examining the oscillatory dynamics of within-session habituation using time-frequency analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) data from 24 healthy adult participants. Repeated presentations of the same high-calorie, low-calorie, and non-food images were shown, and changes in power across the delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands were analysed using cluster-based permutation testing. The results revealed a significant habituation effect for the non-food image within the theta band at frontal scalp electrode clusters between 110–330 ms, characterised by a progressive reduction in power over time. In contrast, both high and low-calorie food cues maintained more stable oscillatory activity, indicating sustained attentional engagement. Participant-level analyses further suggested that changes in attentional engagement followed a graded pattern rather than clear categorical differences across stimulus types. These findings suggest that neural habituation is modulated by stimulus salience, with high-calorie food images resisting adaptation through persistent theta-band synchronisation at frontal scalp electrodes. Integrating these oscillatory results with prior time-domain evidence highlights a multi-stage attentional process: an early sensory filtering phase reflected in parietal ERPs and a sustained regulatory phase indexed by theta-band activity recorded at frontal scalp electrodes. This study provides novel evidence that time-frequency analysis captures complementary aspects of attentional adaptation that are not visible in traditional ERP measures, offering a richer understanding of how the brain maintains attention to appetitive visual stimuli.