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February 5, 20260 citationsOpen Access

The role of dissipation distance on reconnection-driven multi-messengersignals from blazar jets

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SSS. I. StathopoulosΜΠΜαρία Πετροπούλου

Key Points

  • This research investigates the impact of dissipation distance on multi-messenger signals from blazar jets driven by magnetic reconnection.
  • Generalized numerical simulations tracking jet properties like magnetization and bulk Lorentz factor.
  • Computation of broadband photon spectra and neutrino emissions from varying distances from the supermassive black hole (SMBH).
  • Analysis of different emission regimes based on initial jet conditions and target photon densities.
  • Identified different regimes for synchrotron and external Compton emissions based on proximity to SMBH and broad-line region (BLR).
  • Neutrino production is most efficient upstream of the BLR due to high photon densities.
  • Successful reproduction of photon emissions for extreme blazars but limitations on TXS-like flare modeling due to baryon loading constraints.

Abstract

Blazars launch relativistic jets aligned with our line of sight, resulting in extreme beaming and making them among the mostluminous extragalactic sources across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio to 𝛾-rays and potentially high-energy neutrinos.We present a comprehensive study of multi-messenger emission from blazar jets powered by magnetic reconnection at varyingdistances from the supermassive black hole (SMBH). By generalizing previous models, we track the spatial evolution of key jetproperties, including magnetization, bulk Lorentz factor, and external photon fields (accretion disc, broad-line region, dusty torus),and compute self-consistently the resulting broadband photon spectra and neutrino emission. Our numerical simulations explorehow the initial jet magnetization, particle acceleration efficiency, jet-to-accretion-power ratio, and accretion rate impact emission.We identify distinct regimes: synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton dominate closer to the SMBH, where magnetization ishigh, while external Compton becomes significant near the BLR. Neutrino production is most efficient upstream of the BLR,driven by enhanced target photon densities and hard proton spectra. Our model predictions are then compared with observationsof 𝛾-ray luminosities and synchrotron peak energies of Fermi-detected blazars, highlighting magnetic reconnection as a viablemechanism for electromagnetic and neutrino emissions in astrophysical jets. Crucially, our framework assumes equal injectedluminosities of pairs and protons, thereby limiting baryon loading. While our model successfully reproduces the photon emissionof extreme blazars such as 3HSP J095507.9+355101, it cannot self-consistently account for TXS-like flares, which would requireextremely high baryon loading.

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Cite This Study

Stathopoulos et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/698435d5f1d9ada3c1fb5232https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2025-05355
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