Disorders of thrombosis and bleeding contribute to a significant morbidity and mortality burden worldwide. Correctly identifying contributing factors towards either thrombosis or bleeding carries implications for diagnosis, prognosis and management. Although there are established and commonly used biomarkers for both circumstances, the complexity of hemostasis contributes to the wide variability in assay methodology and information provided by each individual assay. There are several emerging biomarkers of thrombosis and hemostasis, which require further evaluation of their roles in diagnosis and management in specific patient populations. This narrative review summarizes established, emerging, and exploratory biomarkers of both thrombosis and bleeding disorders, outlining their biological roles, diagnostic utility, and limitations, with a particular focus on clinical relevance, assay methodology and future directions.
Reardon et al. (2026) studied this question.