Religiosity and Vaccine Hesitancy: Evidence From COVID ‐19 Vaccination in Poland

This study examines the relationship between religiosity and vaccine hesitancy. I reveal a robust negative and non‐linear association between church attendance and COVID‐19 vaccination rates across Polish municipalities. Utilising survey data, I find that more religious individuals are less likely to accept the COVID19 vaccine, and their willingness decreases with higher local‐level religiosity, suggesting the presence of peer effects. I also examine how believers' lower vaccine acceptance is shaped by both direct and mediated effects in the mediation analysis.