Testicular ageing as a central hallmark of male senescence: characteristics, molecular mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies

Testicular ageing is a defining feature of male senescence, marked by progressive structural deterioration and declining steroidogenic and spermatogenic capacity. Although lifestyle, pharmacological, and stem-cell-based interventions show promise, their clinical applicability remains limited. A deeper mechanistic understanding and well-designed, large-scale prospective studies are essential to establish effective strategies for delaying or preventing testicular ageing.