Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent and significant public health problem affecting all sectors of U.S. society. Limited data about racial differences in factors related to UI are currently available. To date much of the race comparative UI research has focused on Black and white females, and findings about racial differences are still unclear. In view of the significance and impact of UI and national emphasis on this problem, this paper reviews the literature to identify currently known factors evidencing racial differences between Black and white U.S. residents to summarize findings and highlight areas for future policy and research efforts.
Howard et al. (2026) studied this question.