Orthodontic derived microplastics impact macrophage differentiation and homeostasis

Our findings reveal that commonly used orthodontic materials release micro- and nano-plastics that are readily taken up by macrophages, with direct-printed polymers releasing higher levels of immunostimulatory particles. The resulting shift toward pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotypes raises concern that material choice could influence not only local oral health but also systemic immune responses. These results underscore the importance of evaluating microplastic release in dental and medical devices to guide safer material selection and minimize unintended biological consequences.