Effectiveness and Mechanism of Cryoablation in the Treatment of Oral Mucosal Melanoma

Objectives To assess the effectiveness and safety of cryoablation for oral mucosal melanoma (OMM) and explore its underlying mechanisms to provide insights for precision treatment of OMM. Materials and Methods Patients diagnosed with OMM were divided into a cryoablation group and a noncryoablation therapy group. We compared the therapeutic outcomes of these groups and investigated the effects of cryoablation on glycometabolism, the immune microenvironment, and cell death modalities in the OMM. Results The study included 32 OMM patients, with 18 in the cryoablation group and 14 in the noncryoablation therapy group. Cryoablation demonstrated high safety and effectiveness, with a postoperative survival rate of 72.22% (13/18). The median overall survival was 85.5 months (95% CI: 57.3–113.6) in the cryoablation group and 72.4 months (95% CI: 51.36–93.4) in the non‐cryoablation group. Significant changes in the immune microenvironment, including increased infiltration of CD4+, CD8+, and CD66+ cells and elevated expression of PD‐1, PD‐L1+, and CTLA4+ immune checkpoints, were observed postcryoablation. Conversely, FOXP3+ and CD19+ cell densities significantly decreased. Additionally, the expression levels of GLUT‐1, HIF‐1α, and PK‐M2 were notably reduced. The primary antitumor effect of cryoablation is attributed to apoptosis. Conclusion Cryoablation is an effective treatment for OMM, and its antitumor effects are potentially linked to the modulation of the immune microenvironment, alteration of glucose metabolism, and induction of apoptosis.