Heat and mass transfer in Casson fluid flow with tri-hybrid nanoparticles on curved surface: A biomedical relevance

Since the outcomes are highly relevant for biomedical applications such as tissue cooling, drug delivery, and thermal therapy, this study investigates a steady two-dimensional flow of an incompressible Casson fluid with hybrid nanoparticles (Au, Fe2O3, and Ta) curved porous stretching surface. The analysis includes the effects of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux to capture non-Fourier heat conduction behavior, accounting for delayed thermal response due to finite propagation speed of heat. The governing equations accounting for the effects of curvature, magnetic field, mass diffusion with first-order chemical reaction, and velocity slip at the fluid-solid interface are transformed into ordinary differential equations by suitable similarity transformations. The resulting nonlinear coupled system of equations is solved numerically by a Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg 4–5th order method. This study highlights the superior thermal and mass transfer properties of hybrid nanofluids compared to conventional fluids, particularly under curved surface conditions. The results reveal that the curvature of the surface significantly enhances convective mixing, leading to improved heat and mass transfer characteristics. The inclusion of the Cattaneo-Christov model further refines the temperature distribution, emphasizing the importance of the non-Fourier heat conduction in complex biological systems.