Targeting low-carbon energy transition, this study proposes a stochastic optimization model for an integrated electricity-heat-gas-hydrogen system with high renewable penetration. The configuration couples four storage assets—battery, heat storage tank, gas storage tank and hydrogen storage tank—with three hydrogen devices: electrolyzers, fuel cells and methanation reactors. Operating and carbon-trading costs are both embedded. Numerical results indicate that enabling carbon trading mildly raises computational load yet increases operating cost while curbing renewable curtailment. Integrating hydrogen devices significantly heightens model complexity, further lowers curtailment and reduces overall cost, validating the practical value of the approach.
Li et al. (2026) studied this question.