Over the past few decades, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as a focal point of research due to their versatility and diverse applications across biomedical and technological domains. The rapid advancement in nanotechnology has enabled MNPs to be utilized in drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cancer therapy. In biomedical applications, MNPs are valued for their small size, biocompatibility, and responsiveness to external magnetic fields, facilitating targeted drug delivery, cell tracking, and magnetic hyperthermia. MNPs can be functionalized with therapeutic agents for precision-targeted delivery and magneto-mechanical activation at the cellular level. This review explores the synthesis and characterization of MNPs, focusing on their therapeutic potential in cancer treatment. Iron oxide nanoparticles have been studied for their ability to target tumors through passive and active mechanisms, allowing controlled drug release within the tumor microenvironment. Coating MNPs with biocompatible materials enhances their stability and drug loading capacity while reducing toxicity. MNPs are also integrated with other nanotechnologies to create multifunctional theranostic platforms combining treatment and imaging capabilities. Despite promising preclinical results, clinical translation requires further optimization to address challenges like targeting efficiency and regulatory approval. Continued research and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to fully realize the potential of MNPs in advancing precision medicine and improving patient outcomes.
Najafi et al. (2026) studied this question.