Emerging Frontiers in Antioxidant Therapeutics: From Nanotechnology-Enabled Delivery to Mitochondria-Targeted Interventions

Objective To evaluate emerging strategies in antioxidant therapy addressing the limitations of traditional antioxidants in managing oxidative stress-related chronic diseases. Material and Methods This review analyses literature on antioxidant delivery enhancements through anotechnology, including liposomes, nanoparticles, and stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, and examines mitochondrial-targeted agents and phytochemicals. Results Findings highlight the poor bioavailability and targeting of traditional antioxidants such as vitamins C, E, and flavonoids. Novel delivery systems improve antioxidant stability and site-specific release. Mitochondria-targeting agents (MitoQ, SS-31, SkQ1) show clinical promise. Phytochemicals like curcumin and resveratrol exhibit improved efficacy when delivered via nanocarriers. Conclusion Advances in nanocarrier engineering, mitochondrial targeting, and activation of endogenous pathways (e.g., Nrf2) define a new era of precision redox medicine, enhancing antioxidant therapy’s therapeutic potential.