Introduction Liver cirrhosis is the terminal stage of chronic liver disease, which is marked by high morbidity and mortality in its advanced phases. Although liver biopsy still serves as the gold - standard diagnostic method, the detection of serum and urine metabolites holds great promise for the identification of cirrhosis. Methods Untargeted metabolomics analysis was carried out using ultra - performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time - of - flight mass spectrometry (UPLC - QTOF/MS). We compared the serum and urine metabolic profiles between 30 healthy individuals and 28 liver cirrhosis patients to screen for biomarkers associated with liver cirrhosis. Results A total of 55 endogenous metabolites showed dysregulation in serum, and 51 did so in urine. Four shared differential metabolites—glycoursodeoxycholic acid, urobilin, glycocholic acid, and urobilinogen—were identified in both biofluids. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed three co - regulated metabolic pathways: tryptophan metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and porphyrin metabolism ( p 0.05). Discussion This study delineates the distinct metabolic signatures of cirrhosis and proposes a diagnostic strategy based on dual - biofluid analysis. The intersectional biomarkers and pathways elucidate the mechanisms linking bile acid homeostasis and hemoprotein catabolism to cirrhotic progression, offering a noninvasive approach for clinical detection.
Li et al. (2026) studied this question.