The SMART‒P Algorithm for Aerosol and Ocean Properties Part 1: Algorithm Theoretical Basis and Expected Accuracy of PolCube Aerosol Products

The SMART–P (Spectral Measurements for Atmospheric Radiative Transfer–Polarimeter) algorithm was developed to retrieve aerosol and ocean parameters from PolCube measurements. The PolCube is a multi-angular polarimeter (MAP) aboard the BusanSat-B CubeSat scheduled for launch in 2026, which measures polarized radiances at 410, 555, 670, and 865 nm from four viewing angles. This study presents the theoretical basis of the algorithm and conducts a sensitivity analysis of aerosol inversions over the ocean processed by SMART-P under the expected measurement conditions for PolCube observations. The results indicate that the degree of linear polarization (DoLP) significantly increases the information content of the real part of the refractive index and of the fine-mode particle-size parameters relative to radiance-only measurements. Enhanced measurement sensitivity enables more accurate retrieval of fine-dominated aerosol properties, such as smoke and sulfate. The sensitivity analysis also shows that the ocean surface reflectivity is the most critical forward-model parameter affecting aerosol-property retrievals. The SMART-P algorithm will support the BusanSat-B mission to understand the role of aerosol particles in the climate system and air quality.