Optimization reveals competitive ammonia production in decentralized systems by 2045, suggesting a shift in costs.
Decentralized, electrified Haber–Bosch ammonia can reduce supply risks but is costly today. Optimization across six countries shows competitiveness emerging by 2045, driven by cheaper renewables, flexible reactors, and efficient, dynamic green chemistry designs.
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Rosa et al. (2026) studied this question.
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