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February 12, 2026Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering

Clinically Feasible Approaches to the Real-Time Measurement of Drugs, Metabolites, and Biomarkers in the Living Body

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Authors

YKY. KristineHCHeather A. ClarkKPKevin W. Plaxco

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Overview

Review highlights technologies for real-time molecular monitoring in vivo, suggesting advancements for clinical diagnostics.

Key Points

  • The aim is to identify and analyze technologies for continuous, real-time measurement of molecular targets in living systems.
  • Reviewed technologies supporting seconds-resolved measurements in mammalian subjects
  • Categorized readout modalities: electrochemical (direct and indirect), optical, and photoacoustic sensing
  • Analyzed engineering requirements and barriers to clinical adoption
  • Identified technologies capable of real-time molecular monitoring in living organisms
  • Highlighted challenges including sensitivity, stability, and biocompatibility
  • Concluded that advancements support a future of precision diagnostics and therapeutics

Cite This Study

Kristine et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/698d6e2a5be6419ac0d53ab7https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110824-011256
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