Abstract Objective Based on conservation of resources theory, this study aimed to examine the relationship between work–family conflict (WFC) and depression among Chinese working women. It also explored the mediating role of anxiety and the moderating roles of motherhood status and parenting stage. Background WFC is a common stressor among working women. However, research on the relationship between WFC and depression among Chinese working women is limited. Method The study sample was derived from a nationally representative survey. A total of 3,281 Chinese working women aged 19 to 55 years were included in the study. A moderated mediation model was employed to examine the relationships among the variables. Results WFC was found to be positively associated with depression, with anxiety mediating this relationship. Additionally, motherhood status moderated the link between WFC and depression, with a weaker positive association observed among mothers than nonmothers, whereas parenting stage had no moderating effect. Conclusion The findings suggest that WFC is linked to a higher risk of depression, with anxiety potentially serving as an early warning signal. In the Chinese cultural context, motherhood status appears to function as a psychological buffer. Implications This study supports the applicability of conservation of resources theory in explaining mental health and extends its cross‐cultural relevance. It also provides guidance for designing interventions tailored to the needs of Chinese working women.
Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.