Natural floodplain vegetation exhibits heterogeneous patterns in height and density that substantially affect flow and bed stability. Most previous studies have examined flows through uniformly distributed vegetation, resulting in a limited understanding of mixed-height canopies. Consequently, existing methods for estimating bed shear stress remain inadequately validated under such heterogeneous conditions. To bridge this gap, we conducted flume experiments to investigate how the density and height configuration of rigid vegetation affect the spatial distribution of bed shear stress, comparing three commonly used approaches: the Law of the Wall, Reynolds stress, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Results showed strong agreement between TKE and Reynolds stress methods; the Law of the Wall produced larger errors (15–25%) due to log-layer disruption in vegetated zones, limiting its use. Vegetation density dominated bed shear stress: high-density areas reduced mean stress by 17–36%, promoting deposition, whereas tall–short vegetation interfaces increased local stress by 15–26%, elevating scour risk. Flow velocity raised overall stress by 15–25%, while water depth had minimal effect. Sparse vegetation led to patchy stress distributions and higher scour potential, while dense vegetation favored uniform stress and sediment accumulation. These findings clarify bed shear stress mechanisms in heterogeneous vegetation and provide a basis for floodplain restoration and stability management.
Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.