Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines have emerged as a promising and innovative approach in the immunotherapy of both solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Owing to their unique capacity to present antigens and activate tumor-specific T cell responses, DC vaccines play a pivotal role in counteracting tumor immune evasion. Despite significant advances in vaccine development, several challenges - including the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, the complexities of designing optimal vaccines, and the difficulty of translating preclinical successes into consistent clinical outcomes - have limited their widespread effectiveness. This review highlights recent combinatory strategies aimed at enhancing the design and application of DC-based vaccines. These include the incorporation of neoantigens, tumor lysates, mRNA platforms, DC-tumor fusion constructs, and combination therapies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cells. Furthermore, we examine the translational barriers that hinder the clinical implementation of these approaches and explore future directions for improving efficacy, safety, and personalization of DC vaccines. DC-based vaccines may be more effectively positioned to yield substantial and durable clinical advantages in standard oncology practice when these combinatorial strategies are integrated with rational clinical trial design, biomarker-informed patient selection, and rigorous compliance with manufacturing and regulatory standards. Ultimately, individualized and multifaceted strategies are expected to hold the greatest promise for improving therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects.
Khanmiri et al. (2026) studied this question.