What question did this study set out to answer?

To simulate atmospheric neutrino oscillations and investigate their effects to help determine the neutrino mass hierarchy.

February 19, 2026

Simulating atmospheric neutrino oscillations for neutrino mass hierarchy discovery

Key Points

To simulate atmospheric neutrino oscillations and investigate their effects to help determine the neutrino mass hierarchy.
Simulated atmospheric neutrino transport using the PHAST code system.
Investigated oscillations in the three-active-flavor scheme over an energy range of 0.1–100 GeV.
Used a fixed value of δCP at 280° while assessing underwater detectors like KM3NeT/ORCA and IceCube/DeepCore.
Validated simulations by comparing oscillograms with those from the KM3NeT collaboration.
Identified the 3–10 GeV energy range as promising for future neutrino mass hierarchy determination.
Simulation results showed good agreement with oscillograms from the KM3NeT collaboration.

Abstract

Abstract The atmospheric neutrino transport through the Earth, including oscillations in the three-active-flavor scheme, has been simulated using the PHAST (particle hard and soft transport) code system, incorporating the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect. We investigated the energy range of 0. 1–100 GeV, with a fixed ₂₏ = 280^, for underwater detectors such as KM3NeT/ORCA and IceCube/DeepCore. Preliminary results identify the 3–10 GeV energy range as promising for the future determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy. The neutrino oscillation implementation in PHAST was validated by comparing our oscillograms with those from the KM3NeT collaboration, showing good agreement. Note, that this study assumes ideal detector conditions, without accounting for the detector response. Further details are presented and discussed in the paper.

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