Abstract Enabling progress in lithium-ion battery (LIB) safety requires moving beyond a persistent moral dualism that alternates between techno-optimism and techno-catastrophism. This technical note proposes a neutral ontology of LIBs as confined energy systems and introduces the ER³ framework — comprising Energy Regime, Confinement System, and Human Decision-Making Capacity — as a sociotechnical interaction model for mature, antidualistic risk engineering. The document is explicitly foundational: it establishes a shared conceptual basis for subsequent protocol-level work (e.g., an ER³ Technical Protocol) and does not prescribe operational procedures, certification criteria, or normative metrics. It complements prior work on fire safety codes for electric vehicles in buildings (Zenodo record 10.5281/zenodo.17926100) while focusing on de-dualizing the broader LIB safety debate.
Jurandir De Oliveira (Mon,) studied this question.