Specialized recall procedures

Studies of memory search using the free recall paradigm have advanced our understanding of human memory for more than a century. Here, we review seven specialized recall procedures that depart from methodological orthodoxy: the inter-list repetition procedure, the list-before-last procedure, the recall-by-category procedure, the final-free recall procedure, the overt-rehearsal procedure, the externalized recall procedure, and the spatial-temporal recall procedure. Key empirical findings from each of these procedures have challenged existing theories and led to theoretical advances.