An active nuclide can transfer nucleons to another identical nuclide, provided that the transfer produces naturally occurring nuclides and their combined mass is less than the combined mass of the original nuclides. Passive nuclides do not possess this ability. In an arbitrary mixture of any nuclides, the percentage of passive nuclides in the resulting mixture will increase over time as these nucleon transfers occur. Simple modeling has shown that this is precisely the situation for the initial mixture in the form of interstellar matter and the resulting mixture in the form of the Earth's crust. The percentage of passive nuclides in the Earth's crust is significantly higher than in interstellar matter. The Earth's crust contains over 80% passive nuclides. This means that the Earth's crust formed from interstellar matter through the transfer of nucleons from one nuclide to another of the same nuclide, that is, through low-temperature nuclear reactions between identical nuclides. If this is true, it follows that a new type of nuclear reaction exists in nature, which resulted in the formation of the Earth's crust. Then all current concepts of nuclear reactions must be revised.
Torchigin V. P. (Tue,) studied this question.