Agitation-Driven Fusion Fabrication of Macroscopic Cell-Laden Cryogels

Fabricating macroscopic tissue scaffolds that replicate native architecture, mechanics, and cellular density remains challenging. Here, we present a scalable, modular approach that combines agitation-driven assembly with fibrin-mediated fusion to produce centimeter-scale, cell-laden scaffolds with uniformly distributed, high-density cells and improved mechanical performance. The constructs are freestanding and mechanically more robust than monolithic hydrogels, while confocal imaging confirms deep, homogeneous cell penetration and high viability throughout centimeter-scale volumes. By overcoming tradeoffs among scaffold size, cell density, and mechanical integrity, this strategy provides a facile, versatile biofabrication platform for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and disease modeling.