Policy in practice: How to “do” the Nagoya Protocol: common misconceptions, challenges and best practices for access and benefit-sharing compliance

Abstract The Nagoya Protocol establishes an international framework for access-and-benefit-sharing (ABS) including for microbial research. Yet many microbiologists have only a vague understanding of what the NP requires and are unsure how to navigate its complexities, despite the fact that non-compliance can have significant legal consequences and far-reaching reputational and legal impacts. This paper discusses common misconceptions and practical challenges that microbiologists may encounter when complying with the Nagoya Protocol and a step-by-step guide on how to “do” the Nagoya Protocol. We present three case studies to showcase real-life experiences and provide best practice principles for access-and-benefit-sharing while fostering biodiversity conservation, equitable collaboration, and sustainable innovation.