Sympathetic nerve–fibroblast crosstalk drives nerve injury, fibroblast activation, and matrix remodeling in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a highly innervated gastrointestinal disease in which sympathetic nerves play a critical role in modulating tumor growth and the tumor microenvironment (TME). While recent studies suggest that sympathetic nerves influence various TME components, including lymphoid and myeloid immune cells, their interactions with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) remain poorly understood. CAFs are a hallmark of pancreatic tumors and are known to upregulate axon guidance and neuroactive cues, suggesting a potential feedback loop with tumor-innervating nerves. Here, we investigated the bidirectional crosstalk between sympathetic nerves and CAFs in human and mouse pancreatic tumors. Using a chemo-genetic ablation model, we selectively eliminated pancreatic sympathetic nerves and found that denervation significantly reduced tumor size in female mice. To further dissect this interaction, we established co-culture systems with immortalized pancreatic fibroblasts and primary sympathetic neuron explants, identifying key transcriptional changes driven by CAF-sympathetic nerve signaling. Our findings demonstrated that sympathetic signaling enhanced CAF activation and extracellular matrix remodeling, while activated CAFs, in turn, induced transcriptional programs in sympathetic neurons associated with nerve injury response. These results establish CAFs as central mediators of the tumor-supportive role of sympathetic nerves, offering further insights into the neural regulation of pancreatic cancer progression.