Analysis of unpaid overtime trends indicates declining discretionary effort in NHS staff, implying workforce planning challenges.
In 2024 NHS staff reported working unpaid overtime equivalent to at least 49 000 full time employees. Such discretionary effort has long underpinned NHS service delivery, but recent data show it is declining, find Jack Elliott and Elaine Kelly, raising questions for workforce planning
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Elliott et al. (2026) studied this question.
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