Loneliness and Social Connection in Autistic and/or ADHD Males: A Scoping Review

Autistic and/or Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) males report higher levels of loneliness than their neurotypical peers. This scoping review synthesised 82 studies examining loneliness and social connection in neurodivergent (ND) males. Findings indicated that levels of social connectedness were lower or similar in Autistic and ADHD males than neurotypical males, but never higher. Reduced levels of social connection (e.g., higher loneliness; lower social support, worse relational quality) were also associated with less favourable health outcomes. The data were heterogeneous, stemming, in part, from the multi-faceted nature and measurement of social connection. Future research should more consistently disaggregate data by sex and gender, consider the potential co-occurrence of ND conditions, and increase focus across the lifespan.