Redefining crop fertilization strategies in response to climate change: the need for an integrated soil–nutrient–climate approach

Climate change imposes complex challenges on crop production, altering nutrient availability, soil dynamics, and plant nutrient uptake efficiency. Fertilization strategies calibrated under historical climate norms are insufficient to support nutrient uptake efficiency under stressors such as drought-induced evapotranspiration or flooding-induced denitrification. This study proposes a comprehensive framework to redefine fertilization practices based on interactions between climate factors, soil properties, and crop physiological responses. Through a review of recent research, we identify the critical effects of water-filled pore space on fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) and emphasize the need for moisture-sensitive fertilization management. Comparative strategies tailored to specific climate stresses are summarized, highlighting optimal timing, form, and fertilizer types for each scenario. We also present a research roadmap integrating experimental data collection, modeling, and adaptive fertilization technology development. This approach aims to establish climate-responsive fertilization systems capable of maintaining nutrient uptake and minimizing losses under variable environmental conditions. Our findings provide a scientific basis for precision fertilization strategies that align with future climate scenarios, offering practical insights for enhancing food security and agricultural resilience. Ultimately, the adoption of climate-adaptive fertilization techniques will be essential to sustain productivity and reduce environmental impacts in the face of ongoing climate variability.