Clinical Integration of 3-Dimensional Printing in Shoulder Surgery: Current Applications, Evidence, and Future Directions

» Three-dimensional printing improves shoulder surgery by creating precise anatomical models for better planning and visualization. » Patient-specific guides and implants enhance accuracy, shorten surgery time, and lead to better functional outcomes in complex procedures. » Used effectively in fractures, instability, joint replacement, corrective bone surgery, and tumor reconstruction to support safer and more predictable surgery. » Challenges include high cost, time required for production, and limited long-term clinical evidence; future advancements include artificial intelligence and augmented reality to improve efficiency and personalization.