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February 22, 2026Environmental Science & TechnologyOpen Access

Elucidating Unknown Organofluorine in Municipal Wastewater: A Mass Balance Approach including Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals

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Authors

PLPontus LarssonAKAnna KärrmanLYLeo W.Y. Yeung

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Overview

Uncovers organofluorine compounds in municipal wastewater, indicating their significant environmental impact.

Key Points

  • This research aims to identify and quantify unknown organofluorine compounds in municipal wastewater.
  • Applied a multisorbent solid phase extraction method to wastewater samples.
  • Conducted screening with liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry.
  • Utilized a quantification workflow combining targeted analysis and combustion ion chromatography.
  • Analyzed fluorine mass balance in the wastewater.
  • Identified 23 highly fluorinated compounds and quantified them in the low- to sub-ppt range.
  • Characterized 30 low-fluorinated substances at up to 3 orders of magnitude higher concentrations.
  • Pharmaceuticals contributed 28–42% of extractable organofluorine despite lower fluorine content.
  • Co-extracted inorganic fluoroanions accounted for 7–19% of the extractable fluorine.

Cite This Study

Larsson et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/699a9d7a482488d673cd357dhttps://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c13161
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