Advances in Imaging-based Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies for AIDSRelated Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

Cerebral toxoplasmosis is one of the most common opportunistic infections among AIDS patients. Clinical and neuroimaging manifestations are diverse and non-specific, resulting in frequent delayed diagnosis and even misdiagnosis, leading to neurological impairment, coma, and death. In addition to clinical and serological examinations, multimodal neuroimaging is indispensable for early diagnosis and subsequent treatment evaluation. Indeed, functional magnetic resonance imaging technologies and positron emission tomography provide complementary information for early diagnosis and treatment, which can improve prognosis when combined with prevention strategies. Recent advances in vaccine development have provided new hope for the prevention of cerebral toxoplasmosis. This article reviews multimodal imaging evaluation strategies and other recent clinical advances for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of AIDS-related cerebral toxoplasmosis.