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February 23, 2026Orbit0 citations

Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy presenting with ptosis and floppy eyelids: a review of ophthalmic manifestations, histopathology, and pathophysiology

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MMMaja MagazinAAAneesha AhluwaliaCCChaow Charoenkijkajorn

Key Points

  • This review aims to examine the ocular symptoms and underlying factors in primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHOA).
  • Review of existing literature on ophthalmic manifestations, histopathology, and pathophysiology of PHOA.
  • Analysis of hormonal, inflammatory, and mechanical factors associated with the condition.
  • Highlighted the role of prostaglandin-E2 and its effect on cytokine expression in PHOA.
  • Identified the presence of lax, floppy eyelids as a notable symptom of the disease.
  • Suggested further investigation into disease-specific cytokines, VEGF, and MMP for potential treatments.

Abstract

Hormonal, inflammatory, and mechanical factors related to prostaglandin-E2 overexpression, and its influence on various cytokines are at the center of disease pathogenesis in PHOA, manifesting with hypertrophic, lax, floppy eyelids. Further studies targeting disease specific cytokines, VEGF and MMP are needed to explore additional medical therapies.

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Cite This Study

Magazin et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/699bee1c1c6c6bad5397fce9https://doi.org/10.1080/01676830.2026.2627478
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