The incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been steadily increasing globally, while traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal models face significant challenges in effectively elucidating its complex pathological mechanisms and screening potential drugs. Advanced in vitro models that incorporate patient-specific characteristics and three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments have emerged as powerful alternatives. This review first outlines current perspectives on PD etiology and pathogenesis, highlighting their implications for 3D modeling systems. A systematic comparison evaluates organoid, microfluidic, and 3D bioprinting platforms by leveraging their recent applications in PD mechanistic studies and therapeutic screening. The utilization of these cutting-edge technologies in PD model development not only deepens mechanistic insights but also streamlines therapeutic innovation, paving the way for effective treatments against this debilitating neurodegenerative disorder.
Tang et al. (2026) studied this question.