Background: Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) remains a significant global health issue, particularly in low- and middleincome countries. Despite extensive efforts, challenges in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment persist, underscoring the need for ongoing research and innovation.Methods: T his n arrative r eview i nvolved a c omprehensive literature search using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Keywords related to PEM, biomarkers, nutritional interventions, technological innovations, and policy implications were applied. From an initial pool of 2,449 articles, 65 were selected based on relevance, quality, and contribution to recent trends and innovations in PEM research.Results: Advances in biomarkers—including inflammatory markers, micronutrient levels, metabolic indicators, and novelgenetic and epigenetic markers—have improved the early detection and monitoring of PEM. Nutritional interventions, such as ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF), fortified foods, biofortification, micronutrient powders (MNPs), and lipid based nutrient supplements (LNS), have demonstrated effectiveness in both treatment and prevention. Technological innovations, including digital health platforms, point-of-care diagnostic tools, geographic information systems (GIS), wearable devices, and artificial intelligence (AI), are revolutionizing the management of PEM.Conclusion: Significant progress has been made in PEM research, yet challenges remain. Future studies should focus on validating and integrating biomarkers, optimizing nutritional interventions, leveraging technological advancements, and strengthening policy frameworks to enhance the effectiveness of these approaches. By addressing the multifaceted nature of PEM with innovative, evidence-based strategies, substantial progress can be achieved in reducing the global burden of malnutrition and improving health outcomes among vulnerable populations.
Patni et al. (2025) studied this question.